Category: Birds

Exploring Maryland’s Western Shore

We just spent a beautiful weekend exploring Maryland’s western shore. This region includes the counties that are on the west side of Chesapeake Bay. This trip our second time staying in Calvert County. The first time was in 2019 when we explored Flag Ponds Nature Park, Calvert Cliffs State Park, and Battle Creek Cypress Swamp. We returned to two of these locations, however this time it was Birder Boy’s (BB) first trip to the area.

Birding wasn’t our only goal on this trip. BB loves vehicles and he’s been into military vehicles recently. If you’re an aviation fan I highly recommend the Patuxent River Naval Air Museum, which was a really cool place to check out. As a birder I like how many of the planes are named after raptors such as the harrier, osprey, and hawkeye. We even saw a Broad-winged Hawk in the flight line area.

After the museum we took a quick hike at Battle Creek Cypress Swamp. Highlights include Yellow-throated Warblers, Blue-gray Gnatcatchers, Northern Parulas, Pine Warblers, and a Louisiana Waterthrush. We also heard many treefrogs and saw Black and Tiger Swallowtails.

Battle Creek Cypress Swamp (Image by Michelle Horowitz)

The next day we spent the morning at Flag Ponds Nature Park searching for fossils. Dave only found one small shark tooth, but BB had a blast digging at the beach. There was a lot of wildlife around: many calling tree frogs, tiger and zebra swallowtails, Ospreys, Yellow-throated Warblers, Yellow-rumped Warblers, a Swamp Sparrow, a male Belted Kingfisher, and more. Two of the most exciting finds of the day were a calling Prairie Warbler and two Killdeer. The Killdeer were calling ‘kill-deee, kill-deee’ and flying around the beach. Many times I see these cute conspicuous plovers in parking lots and other suburban/urban areas, so it’s fun to see them in a more natural habitat. They can be distinguished from other plovers by their double chest bands and red eyes.

Flag Pond Nature Park (Image by Michelle Horowitz)
Killdeer (Image by Michelle Horowitz)

There were also many Atlantic Lion’s Mane Jellyfish floating in the water. The size of this species depends on its geographically location. The lion’s mane jellyfish in the warm waters of the southeastern United States usually only grow up to 5-6 inches. However, individuals in the frigid Antarctic and Arctic waters can be up to 7 feet long which makes them the largest jellyfish species in the genus Scyphozoa. While not poisonous, these jellyfish have a moderately painful sting, so you should exercise caution if you around them.

Atlantic Lion’s Mane Jellyfish (Image by BirdNation)

In the afternoon on the second day we visited the Calvert Marine Museum. While birding was not our primary purpose we did see some species such as Purple Martins, Fish Crows, Common Grackles, and Mallards around Black Creek. We also watched this large Snapping Turtle swim under the dock.

It’s always a pleasure to visit Maryland. If you’re looking for a new location to explore I highly recommend Calvert County.

References

Return to the Shore

We visited family in New Jersey for Memorial Day weekend. On May 28 Dave, BB (Baby Birder), and I spent the morning at Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge. It was a lovely morning with loads of shorebirds and seabirds. We observed 48 species and added 2 new birds to our life life: a Marbled Godwit and Bank Swallows. Here are some of the highlights:

Seabirds: Common Terns, Forster Terns, Least Terns, Gull-billed Terns, Black Skimmers, Great Black-backed Gulls, Herring Gulls, Ring-billed Gulls, Laughing Gulls, Double-crested Cormorants

Forster’s Tern (Image by Michelle Horowitz)
Black Skimmers (Image by David Horowitz)

Shorebirds: Marbled Godwit, Semipalmated Sandpipers, Ruddy Turnstones, Black-bellied Plover, American Oystercatchers, Willets, Dunlin, White-rumped Sandpipers, Short-billed Dowitchers

Ruddy Turnstone breeding adult (Image by Michelle Horowitz)

Other Highlights: A Clapper Rail running across the mudflats, 24 Osprey, Marsh Wrens, lots of Red-winged Blackbirds, a horseshoe crab, and many Diamondback Terrapins

Diamondback Terrapin (Image by David Horowitz)
Diamondback Terrapins basking in the Sun (Image by David Horowitz)

Mating Monday: Cooperative Breeding

If you missed the previous Mating Monday posts you can check them out here and here.

Cooperative breeding occurs when a mating pair has other birds of the same species helping raise young from one nest. Many time the “helpers-at-the nest” are previous offspring of the parents, but sometimes non-related individuals provide care. This system is widespread throughout the animal kingdom and practiced in approximately 9% of bird species.

“Helpers” play multiple roles. They assist parents with defending the nest and feeding the offspring. A study of Brown-headed Nuthatches (Cusick et al., 2018) found that helpers also removed fecal sacs, but had no part in nest excavation and had no influence on maternal egg production. Cusick et al. concluded that the offspring raised in cooperative groups had more access to food and therefore weighed more. The cooperative nests were also more likely to fledge at least one offspring. Cooperative breeding seems to usually have positive effects for the breeders. But why would an individual forego their opportunity to breed in order to help a nest in which they are not passing on their own genetic material?

There are many factors that influence why cooperative breeding groups exist. One reason may be that environmental constraints limit the opportunities for young birds to breed. Many species that use this system live in regions with low temperature variations and warm winters. This allows the species to become sedentary and establish year-round breeding territories. There may be limited territories due to high-quality habitats being saturated with mature breeders. Low mortality, small clutch sizes, and longevity of offspring contributes to a more stable population that has lower turnover rates, so more birds are available as helpers. Skewed sex-ratios or a shortage of partners (usually females) may also encourage cooperative groups. There are more cooperative breeding groups in altricial species (incapable of moving around on its own shortly after hatching) than precocial (capable of moving on its own shortly after hatching).

Just because cooperative breeding is practiced within a species does not mean that all individuals of the species participate in the system. For example, studies have found that 20-30% of Brown-headed Nuthatches use cooperative breeding as a strategy, with many of the helpers being second-year birds. A study of Long-tailed Tits by Meade & Hatchwell found that helpers had higher overwinter survival rates than non-helpers. Whether or not an individual tit decided to be a helper was determined by the availability of a relative with an active nest. They found that tits that decided to help a relative had a 61% survival rate and the survival rate of those who did not have any relatives with an active nest was 52%. However, male birds that chose not to help a relative with an active nest had a survival rate of 24%. The authors found individuals among the helpers were in good physical condition, the birds without relatives to help were a mix of good/poor condition, and the birds that chose to not help relatives were in poor condition. Meade & Hatchwell also suggested that helping did not have significantly positive effects on reproductive success in the future.

Long-tailed Tit (Image by Alexis Lours via wikimedia commons)

In addition to higher survival rates, helpers may receive other benefits. Helpers may improve their chances of inheriting a mate, territory, or nest. They also gain experience in foraging and may form alliances. Strengthening the genetic makeup of a species through the survival of offspring may be an indirect fitness benefit to the helpers and breeders.

There are many North American bird species that use cooperative breeding. These include Florida Scrub-Jays, Acorn Woodpeckers, Red-cockaded Woodpeckers, Grove-billed Anis, Pygmy Nuthatches, and Gray-breasted Jays.

Brown-headed Nuthatch (Image by DickDaniels via wikimedia commons)

References

Spring Friends

We’ve had a lot of wonderful avian visitors to our yard this spring. Dave set up a new feeding station since we suspect that our old one was knocked down by a bear and it’s been quite a hit. There are also now two bluebird boxes in the field so this year we have an Eastern Bluebird pair! Many of our yearly visitors have returned, including the Chipping Sparrows, Gray Catbird pair, American Robin pair, Rose-breasted Grosbeak pair, a Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, a Broad-winged Hawk, and the Red-eyed Vireo. Our Northern Cardinal and Pileated Woodpecker pairs have also been making frequent appearances.

Gray Catbird (Image by Michelle Horowitz)
Gray Catbird (Image by Michelle Horowitz)

Pileated Woodpecker male (Image by David Horowitz)
Pileated Woodpecker male (Image by David Horowitz)
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker breeding male (Image by David Horowitz)
Chipping Sparrow (Image by Michelle Horowitz)

What kind of birds have been visiting your yard/area this spring? Let me know in the comments!

Mating Monday: Why Birds Get Divorced

If you missed last week’s Mating Monday on monogamy you can check it out here.

The more I study avian social behavior, the more I realize that humans and birds are not so different after all. Just like in human relationships, sometimes things don’t work out and birds decide to get divorced.

How common is divorce in birds? It’s estimated that divorce occurs in 95% of bird species. Ornithologists describe divorce as when a pair of socially mated birds choose to re-pair with different partners. This can happen after or during the breeding season. There are multiple reasons a bird may want to stay faithful to the same partner. Fidelity has benefits: it helps save energy since time doesn’t have to be wasted finding a new partner. Plus, a familiar pair bond increases cooperation and coordination when raising young. However, when things go wrong there are also many reason why divorce could make more sense than staying together.

It’s common for breeding attempts to fail. Therefore, a pair bond with poor success may find it more beneficial to seek new partners. Mercier et al. states that divorce could be considered an “adaptive mechanism” against having suboptimal partners (2021). A divorcee has the opportunity to find a better mate and possibly more breeding success. Infidelity can also be a reason for avian divorce. Promiscuity in males, but not in females, coincides with divorce rates.

Splitting up doesn’t always have to do with whether or not the nest failed. Sometimes the timing just isn’t right. A study of Eurasian Blue Tits found that 64% of the breeding pairs divorced before the experiment ended, even if the pair had a history of breeding success. Why? If both birds in a pair returned to the breeding territory around the same time they were more likely to stay together, but if the timing was off there was a higher chance of divorce. Since mortality rates are high for many birds, if a mate doesn’t show up “on time” they could be dead or injured. In cases like this fidelity may not pay off. Waiting around could mean losing the chance to breed, so finding a new partner is imperative. Also, studies have found that long-distance migrants such as Arctic Terns have higher divorce rate since unpredictable factors can affect whether or not they return to the breeding grounds on time.

Albatrosses have some of the lowest divorce rates in the avian world. Pairs usually stay together for decades in these long-lived species. However, divorce can still occur and there are some interesting reasons as to why. In Wandering Albatrosses personality can influence divorce. “Shy” males tend to avoid confrontation with bolder males who “intrude” in their territory seeking the female’s attention. As a result the shy bird may give up and desert the relationship. The shy birds were twice as likely to get divorced compared to the aggressive birds.

Black-browed Albatross (left) and Wandering Albatross (right). (Image by Ed Dunens, wikimedia commons)

Environmental factors, such as climate change, may be influencing divorce rates in some albatross species. Ventura et al. studied 15,000 pairs of Black-browed Albatrosses that bred in the Falkland Islands over 15 years. The typical divorce rate of this species is between 1-3%, but in years with unusually warm water temperatures that percentage went as high as 8%. Warm water temperatures means having to travel farther to find food and can trigger stress hormones that leave birds with less energy to raise their chick. Ventura et al. refer to this as the partner-blaming hypothesis. These hormones can lead females to attribute the higher physiological stress to a poor performance by the male. By returning to the breeding grounds exhausted, stressed, and overworked the female may move on to a new partner.

Just for fun I wanted to wrap up this post with some divorce rates: 40-45% in humans, 9% in Mallards, 67% in Piping Plovers, 85% in Emperor Penguins, 99% in flamingos, and 100% in Great Blue Herons. And even swans, which the media likes to have us believe always mate for life, have a 5% divorce rate.

Sweet Mallard Pair (Image by Michelle Horowitz)

References

Mother’s Day Big Day

Happy Mother’s Day to all the moms!

This year, Mother’s Day and Global Big Day ended up being the same weekend. If you’ve been reading my blog for awhile you know that all I really want for Mother’s Day (actually most days haha) is to go birding. So yesterday we went to Pickering Ponds to look for new migrants. It was a lovely morning and we were able to observe 39 species.

Pickering Ponds Highlights
  • Rose-breasted Grosbeaks: We saw 5 Rose-breasted Grosbeak males singing. Males arrive at their breeding grounds before the females to establish their territories. I’ve only ever seen a single pair at a time, so it was fun to see so many males singing in one spot. Rose-breasted Grosbeaks are considered socially monogamous and will stay together for the breeding season. Males will approach females while singing and may throw back their heads and spread their wings/tail. However, once a female decides on a mate the male usually rejects her for a day or two before accepting.
Rose-breasted Grosbeak male (Image by David Horowitz)
Magnolia Warbler (Image by David Horowitz)
  • Broad-winged Hawk being mobbed by Red-winged Blackbirds
  • Lots of mating pairs: Baltimore Orioles, Fish Crows on a nest, Eastern Kingbirds, Eastern Bluebirds , Mourning Doves
  • A female Bufflehead: There weren’t many birds out on the ponds themselves, but a lone female Bufflehead was found swimming among some female Common Mergansers. It’s late in the season for Bufflehead to still be around, so she has been listed on the NH Rare Bird list.
  • Neotropical Migrants: Killdeer, Ring-billed Gull, Herring Gull, Turkey Vulture, Osprey, Eastern Phoebe, Warbling Vireo, Red-eyed Vireo, Tree Swallow, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, House Wren, Gray Catbird, American Robin, American Goldfinch
  • Other species: Hairy Woodpecker, Blue Jay, American Crow, Black-capped Chickadee, European Starling, White-throated Sparrow, Song Sparrow, Brown-headed Cowbird, Common Grackle, Northern Cardinal
Eastern Kingbird (Image by David Horowitz)

Did you get to go birding on May Global Big Day? What bird species did you see? Tell me about it in the comments!

References

Mating Monday: Are Most Birds Actually Monogamous?

One of my favorite sights of spring is seeing bird pairs around my yard. Throughout April the cute American Robin pair would take evening walks across the lawn looking for food. The Northern Cardinal pair frequents the feeders together and I even saw the male feed the female some seeds. It’s a common sight to see pair-bonded birds in the spring because many bird species are considered monogamous. In his 1968 book Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds, British ornithologist David Lambert Lack estimated more than 90% of bird species are monogamous.

Black-crowned Night-Herons are presumed to be socially monogamous (Image by David Horowitz)

Merriam-Webster defines monogamy in zoology as “the condition or practice of having a single mate during a period of time”. In 2002, a study by Griffith, Owens, and Thurman found that “extra-pair offspring” occurs in 90% of bird species. If 90% of species are monogamous, how can 90% also have offspring sired by another male who is not in the pair-bond?

Well, it turns out monogamy in birds is a little more complex than a Merriam-Webster dictionary definition. From an evolutionary standpoint, the idea of monogamy occurring in animals at all is a bit of a strange idea. If an individual has the opportunity to mate with multiple partners and doing so can increase their fitness (aka: their reproductive success), then why would they choose monogamy? Biologists are learning that when it comes to animals, three types of monogamy come into play: social, sexual, and genetic. Lack’s assertion that 90% of species are monogamous refers to social monogamy. This means that bird pairs work together to raise offspring, but there is no guarantee that they are sexually or genetically monogamous. In fact, the Griffith et al. (2002) study contributes to the idea that genetic monogamy (that the two partners only have offspring with one another) is quite rare in birds. True genetic monogamy does occur in some species, such as Common Loons, Dovekies, Florida Scrub-Jays, and some populations of Red Crossbills. However, at least some females in about 90% of bird species will mate with a male who is outside of her pair bond, a behavior called extra-pair copulation.

Why would a female seek out a mate outside of her social bond? First, her social mate may have genes that are inferior, so mating with a more desirable male can allow a female to pass on better genes to her offspring. Secondly, a female is more likely to get her eggs, which are a limited resource, fertilized just in case her social mate is infertile or incompatible. Lastly, extra-pair copulation allows a female to have genetically diverse offspring by multiple fathers. It’s the “don’t put all your eggs in one basket” idea.

Some Mourning Doves stay together for one breeding season and others may mate for life (Image by Michelle Horowitz)

So yes, a vast majority of bird species are monogamous, but it’s not as clear cut as it seems. Many of our cute little bird pairs have something going on “on the side”. Many birds will only stay together for once breeding season and find a new mate the next. There are some species that do mate for life, but that’s not as common as we once thought.

Infidelity, divorce, and even same-sex pair bonds (although rare) occur in birds. And what about the other 10% of birds that don’t practice monogamy? What mating system do they use? Over the next few weeks we’ll explore some of these interesting avian behaviors on Mating Monday. Stay tuned!

Brant Waterfowl Wednesday

Happy Waterfowl Wednesday! I’ve been on a goose streak the lately. Let’s talk about Brant!

Brant (branta bernicla)

Atlantic Brant (Image by David Horowitz)

Subspecies and populations

  • Atlantic or Pale-bellied (Branta bernicla hrota)
  • Pacific or Black (Branta bernicla nigricans)
  • Dark-bellied or Eurasian (Branta bernicla benicla). Known as “Brent Geese” in Western Europe.
  • Gray-bellied or Western High Arctic: found on Washington coast, breeds only in northwestern Canada on Parry Islands

Description:

  • 23-24 inches long, 2.5-3.8 pounds
  • Short neck; small bill and head
  • Black head, neck, bill, feet, and breast
  • White “necklace” markings are variable, mostly lacking in juveniles
  • Brown wings, pale flanks, white undertail
  • Belly ranges from pale brown (Atlantic subspecies) to black (Pacific subspecies)
Brant profile (Image by Michelle Horowitz)

Range and habitat:

  • Breeding: Arctic North America and Russia. Tundra, islands, deltas, salt bays, estuaries.
  • Migration: Pacific Coast from Alaska to Baja Mexico; Hudson Bay to Mid-Atlantic coast. Coastal waters, freshwater lakes, mudflats, lagoon systems behind barrier islands.
  • Winter: Atlantic coast from Massachusetts to North Carolina, Aleutian Islands of Alaska, Washington coast. Sheltered bays, estuaries.

Feeding behavior and diet

Brant are mainly vegetarian and eat a variety of grasses including eelgrass, sedge, arrowgrass, pondweed, saltmarsh cordgrass, and green algae. May also eat mollusks, aquatic insects, and worms. On land they graze on grasses and in water tip up like dabbling ducks. Mostly forages in flocks.

breeding/Nesting

  • Courtship: Socially monogamous and pair for life; however some females have been found to mate with other males during the egg-laying period. Forms pair bonds on wintering grounds.
  • Nesting: Female forms depression in the ground near water and grassy areas. She adds grasses and feathers to line the nest when ready to lay eggs. Often nests in colonies and pairs are territorial.
  • Young: Incubates 3-5 white/buffy eggs for 23-24 days. Chicks are precocial, meaning they are ready to feed, walk, and swim within a day or two of hatching and are covered in down. Both sexes tend to the goslings, who feed continuously and fledge in 40-50 days. Family groups tend to stay together even within large colonies/flocks.

Vocalizations

Guttural low ruk-ruk! A sharp cruk! alarm call. Goslings peep.

Conservation status

Population trends are unknown, though Brant are thought to be declining. Due to their restricted Arctic breeding ranges, Brant are very vulnerable to climate change. Threats facing Brant include habitat loss, global warming, sea level rise, petroleum development in breeding grounds, and water quality issues. As global temperatures rise, it’s predicted that Brant ranges will shift considerably northward and will lose about 52% of their current range if global temperatures warm over 3.0 degrees Celsius. Eelgrass restoration along their habitats have helped stabilize winter Brant populations.

Brant flying over the Cape Cod Bay (Image by Michelle Horowitz)

Fun facts

  • Brant are long-distance migrants and some travel over 3,000 miles from winter to breeding grounds.
  • Flocks have a distinct hierarchy: paired birds with young rank higher than paired birds with no young. Pairs without young dominate unpaired birds.
  • Individuals tend to pair with a mate who have a similar amount of white “necklace”. The Pacific subspecies tends to have the most pronounced “necklace” while Atlantic tends to have less white.

References

Cackling or Canada?

Happy Waterfowl Wednesday! Last week we talked about the Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) and its 7 subspecies. For awhile it was commonly accepted that there were 11 Canada subspecies, but in 2004 the American Ornithologists Union took the four smallest and declared them a separate species: the Cackling Goose (Branta hutchinsii). Why did this happen? How can you tell if the white-cheeked goose you’re seeing is a Canada or a Cackling?

Cackling Goose (ALAN SCHMIERER, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons)
Cackling vs. Canada Identification
CacklingCanada
Height24-25 inches (63-65 cm)29-43 inches (76-110 cm)
Weight3-5 lbs6-20 lbs
Color PatternBrown overall, varying from pale to dark depending on subspecies. White under black tail. Short black neck.Brown back, black head/neck, tan breast
Facial features Black head with white/throat patch (“chinstrap”). Some have white ring at base of neck. Rounded crown but steep forehead. Black head with white/throat patch (“chinstrap”). Rounded head with sloping forehead.
Bill color/shapeBlack. Short. Meets forehead at a steep angle.Black. Wide and flat.
Other featuresSmall black feet and short black legs. Long wings.Large black feet and black legs.
Cackling vs. Canada Geese identification features

Size is a good first indicator to identifying a Cackling Goose. They tend to be very small. They are about the same size as a Mallard, Brant, or Barnacle Goose and are smaller than Snow Geese. However, it’s important to be aware that they may be similar in size to smaller Canada Goose subspecies, so it’s important to not rely only on size and use other features for identification too. There is also much variation between the four Cackling subspecies. American ornithologist David Allen Sibley suggests getting to know your local flocks and being aware of geographic differences. They are very often found in mixed flocks with Canada Geese.

Cackling vs. Canada Goose (Caleb Putnam, CC BY 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0, via Wikimedia Commons)
Subspecies and Ranges
  • Branta hutchinsii minima (“Ridgeway”): Breeds in western Alaska and winters in California and Oregon. Smallest of the 4 subspecies (2.5-4 lbs) and has the shortest bill.
  • Branta hutchinsii leucopareia (“Aleutian”): Breeds in Alaska’s Aleutian Islands. Winters in California. White “collar” where black neck meets brown body.
  • Branta hutchinsii taverneri (“Taverner’s” or “Alaska”): Breeds in Alaska and Northwest Canada, rare east of the Rocky Mountains. Winters in Washington, Oregon, and southwestern United States. Closest in size/appearance to Canada Goose parvipes subspecies, so use caution with identification.
  • Branta hutchinsii hutchinsii (“Richardson’s” or “Hutchin’s”): Breeds Central and East Arctic Canada. Migrates to Great Plains. Paler in color and lacks white neck ring.

Some subspecies will rarely winter in the northeastern United States down the Atlantic Coast into the Gulf Coast.

Why the split?

There’s a bit of a debate with scientists about whether the split of Cackling Geese from Canada Geese is appropriate. The two species do tend to hybridize in some locations, which complicates the situation. The 2004 split is based on evidence of differences in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the two species. Studies by Shields and Wilson (1987a and 1987b) found a 2% difference in the mtDNA and suggests that the two species diverged about one million years ago. Even within Cackling subspecies there are have been differences in evolutionary selection pressures due to geographical isolation. The breeding habitats are of minima and leucopareia are distinctly different from taverneri and hutchinsii.

So the next time you are looking at a flock of Canada Geese you may not be looking at only Canada Geese. A Cackling Goose may be among the ranks. It’s always worth a closer look. Happy goose watching!

References

Canada Goose Subspecies

Happy Waterfowl Wednesday friends! It’s been quite awhile since the last one, but this winter I’d like to bring it back. It is waterfowl season after all.

One of our most widespread North American species is the Canada Goose, Branta canadensis. It seems like Canada Geese get mixed reactions from birders, being so common in some suburban areas that many people consider them pests. However, Joe Van Wormer, an Oregonian author and wildlife photographer sings their praises in his 1968 book The World of the Canada Goose. Van Wormer’s enthusiasm for the species is infectious and shows a side of a species that many people don’t seem to understand or appreciate. One of my favorite quotes from Van Wormer’s book: “Once a Canada goose has its complete set of feathers it should be forgiven for seeming to strut a bit, for its plumage is now one of the finest in the bird world. It may not be as flashy as a wood duck’s but it is neat and handsome.”

Canada Goose (Image by Michelle Horowitz)

One of the most interesting things I learned among the plethora of interesting facts is how many subspecies there are. At the time of Van Wormer’s writing there were at least 11 recognized subspecies, but in 2004 the four smallest subspecies were combined into a different species: the Cackling Goose. The plumage of the Canada subspecies tend to get darker as you move westward and their size gets smaller as you move northward. Let’s explore the 7 different Canada Goose subspecies from largest to smallest:

Canada Goose map (Michael O’Keeffe, 2009 via http://www.irbc.ie/announcements/announce68.php)
Branta canadensis maxima: “Giant”
  • 10-18 pounds, some up to 20 pounds
  • elongated neck, almost swanlike compared to other subspecies
  • lighter in color than interior subspecies
  • extensive cheek patches that often forms a small backward-projecting hook
  • some have a white forehead patch, many a white ring at base of neck
  • Thought to be extinct until rediscovered in 1960 by Harold C. Hanson
  • Range: central and northern United States, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario
Branta canadensis moffitti: “Western”
  • 2nd in size to Giant Canada goose. Average around 8 pounds, but some 12-15 pounds
  • Breast move “silvery” than other subspecies
  • Range: United States western interior around Rocky Mountains, western Canada
Branta canadensis interior: “Todd’s”
  • 6-11 pounds
  • medium in color
  • most numerous of all the subspecies; as many as all the other subspecies combined
  • Range: Central Canada and Central/Southern United States
Branta canadensis canadensis: “Atlantic”
  • 6-11 pounds
  • lighter than Todd’s with more white underparts and whitish area between base of neck and back
  • Introduced in England, Scotland, Iceland, and New Zealand
  • Range: Atlantic seaboard from Nova Scotia to North Carolina
Branta canadensis fulva: “Vancouver
  • 6-13 pounds
  • 1 of 2 “dark” races (including “Dusky”)
  • Range: Glacier Bay Alaska, south coast and islands of British Columbia to north Vancouver Island
  • Possibly the least migratory of all Canada Geese: approximately 90% winter on breeding grounds. Others migrate to Willamette Valley of Oregon or northern California
Branta canadensis occidentalis: “Dusky”
  • slightly smaller than Vancouver
  • chocolate colored
  • Range: southern coast of Alaska, migrates offshore and winters in Willamette Valley
Branta candensis parvipes: “Lesser”
  • about 6 pounds
  • lighter brown plumage
  • Range: Northwest Territories of Canada, southern Victoria Island, central/east Alaska. Winters in Oklahoma, Texas, Mexico, and California.

Next Waterfowl Wednesday we’ll explore the Cackling Goose and its split from the Canada Goose. What do you think about Canada Geese? Tell me about it in the comments.

References